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2023 in Charts: Recession loomed as AI boomed

2023 in Charts: Recession loomed as AI boomed

Coming in… softly?

As we entered 2023, there was a lot for markets to be nervous about: inflation was running hot, the corporate world was still adjusting to what post-Covid work looked like, and economists were rolling out their favorite words — “it depends” — when asked whether the Federal Reserve’s interest rate hikes would send the economy into a recession.

But the latest data seems to suggest that Jay Powell and co. might have pulled it off — indicating at the Fed’s final monetary policy meeting that they are more likely to be cutting interest rates than hiking them next year. Indeed, the recession that so many expected to come… hasn’t shown up.

2023 in Charts: Recession loomed as AI boomed

Say no more

The slightest mention of rate cuts has been enough to send traders into a buying frenzy, with US stocks up 14% since the end of October, taking the total gains for the S&P 500 Index to a whopping +25% on the year. A substantial portion of that rally was because big tech was feeling much more like the 2020/21 version of itself, as some of the biggest tech stocks posted massive year-to-date gains (Alphabet+53%, Apple+57%, Amazon+79%, Tesla+138%) — but none more so than Nvidia, which had one of the best years in corporate history.

AI’s arrival

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang this year revealed that back in 2018 the tech giant had a watershed moment, deciding — in his words — to “bet the company”, doubling down on building innovative graphics processing units (GPUs) that would become the building blocks for some of the most disruptive software ever built: generative artificial intelligence. The reward for that bold vision? Soaring GPU sales and a stock price that’s up 247% this year — taking Nvidia into the rarefied air of the $1 trillion market cap club.

2023 in Charts: Recession loomed as AI boomed

Although ChatGPT was launched at the end of 2022, 2023 was undoubtedly the year that AI tools burst into the real mainstream, with students, creative artists, accountants, lawyers, coders, major enterprises, and even criminals finding ways to use the burgeoning set of tools.

The chatbot soared to a million users in just 5 days, hitting the 100 million user milestone a mere 2 months after its launch. For perspective, Instagram took 15x as long to reach that benchmark, and Spotify took around 4-and-a-half years. Ignoring Meta's Threads, which leveraged its Instagram user base, no product has ever grown at such a rapid pace. Throw in a little boardroom drama, plus a few doomsday “end of the world” quotes about AI, and you’ve had quite the year.

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xAI’s revenue is growing, but so are its staggering losses

Good news: xAI’s revenue nearly doubled to $107 million in the third quarter compared to the second.

Bad news: Its net losses grew to $1.46 billion in Q3, up from $1 billion in the first quarter, and more than 13x revenue, Bloomberg reports.

The company, which is currently worth north of $230 billion, is burning through staggering amounts of cash — nearly a billion dollars a month — in service of building data centers and developing what it calls “self-sufficient” AI that can one day power robots like Tesla’s Optimus. Meanwhile, its revenue still looks more like that of a midsize startup than a tech giant.

Despite receiving more yes than no votes, Tesla’s board didn’t approve a shareholder proposal to invest in xAI, leaving a more formal relationship between the companies unresolved, even as xAI continues to burn cash at a pace that will require steady access to outside capital.

Of course, Elon Musk’s AI company is already deeply financially intertwined with his EV company. In 2024, xAI spent nearly $200 million, largely on Tesla Megapack batteries — a figure that appears to have grown significantly in 2025.

The company, which is currently worth north of $230 billion, is burning through staggering amounts of cash — nearly a billion dollars a month — in service of building data centers and developing what it calls “self-sufficient” AI that can one day power robots like Tesla’s Optimus. Meanwhile, its revenue still looks more like that of a midsize startup than a tech giant.

Despite receiving more yes than no votes, Tesla’s board didn’t approve a shareholder proposal to invest in xAI, leaving a more formal relationship between the companies unresolved, even as xAI continues to burn cash at a pace that will require steady access to outside capital.

Of course, Elon Musk’s AI company is already deeply financially intertwined with his EV company. In 2024, xAI spent nearly $200 million, largely on Tesla Megapack batteries — a figure that appears to have grown significantly in 2025.

tech

Apple’s hardware chief is the front-runner to be the next CEO

The New York Times is the latest news organization to cite Apple sources who think the company’s hardware chief, John Ternus, will be the one to fill CEO Tim Cook’s shoes. Citing people close to Apple, the publication reports that Cook is “tired and would like to reduce his workload” and that 50-year-old Ternus is the most likely to take his place, as the company accelerates its succession planning.

The Times is in good company. Both the Financial Times and Bloomberg have previously said Ternus is the top pick to succeed Cook at the helm of the tech giant, and Ternus is currently enjoying the top spot on prediction markets. His market-implied odds of being the next CEO are currently above 60% on both Polymarket and Kalshi event contracts.

The Times is in good company. Both the Financial Times and Bloomberg have previously said Ternus is the top pick to succeed Cook at the helm of the tech giant, and Ternus is currently enjoying the top spot on prediction markets. His market-implied odds of being the next CEO are currently above 60% on both Polymarket and Kalshi event contracts.

tech

Morgan Stanley: Even with Nvidia’s autonomous tech, Tesla is still “years ahead” of other automakers

Nvidia’s latest autonomous tech may help traditional automakers close the distance to manufacturing driverless cars, but not to Tesla, a research note from Morgan Stanley contends. Analyst Andrew Percoco argued that while Nvidia’s tech stack offers a “capital efficient on ramp to advanced autonomy,” that still leaves automakers stuck in a “faster follower strategy.”

According to the analyst, “Tesla is years ahead of competitors when it comes to autonomy with a clear data and scale advantage.” The comment is similar to something Tesla CEO Elon Musk said in the wake of Nvidia’s announcements:

“This is maybe a competitive pressure on Tesla in 5 or 6 years, but probably longer,” Musk posted on X.

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